Philosophy

Today I saw Matt Arnold. He and Tim were playing frisbee in the street. Suddently it was like a flood of memories from college came over me. When I got home I started cleaning files off my computer and found my philosophy study guide and practice test. I learned nothing in that class and got a terrible grade. I look back at college and wonder how much I actually gained knowledge wise. As I looked over the notes and I don't know a single answer. How did I ever pass my gen eds. Look over my notes. See how much you know.

STUDY GUIDE- Test 2
Chapters 3,4,5.
Things you DON'T need to know:
· The Feminist Critique of Ethical Theory
· The Medical Ethics Material EXCEPT for the criteria for guiding the distribution of scarce medical resources. KNOW these criteria.

Know the following terms, persons and ideas. For the people know their key ideas and how they might compare or contrast with other key thinkers on various topics. (epistemology, ethics, metaphysics).

Important Terms, Persons and Ideas-METAPHYSICS
Determinism
Free Will
Idealism
Metaphysics
Dualism
Materialism
Mind-Body Problem
Thomas Hobbes
David Hume
Immanuel Kant

Important Terms, Persons and Ideas-METAPHYSICS
Charles Darwin
Albert Einstein
Sigmund Freud
Karl Marx
FACT & METHOD
Francis Bacon
REASON & OBSERVATION (rationalism vs. empiricism)
Forms
Theory Neutral
Discover & Manipulate Nature
Science as Progressive-(building block)
Isaac Newton
Theory
Hypothesis
Experiment
Thomas Kuhn
Normal Science
Paradigm
Paradigm Shift
Anomalies
Scientific Revolution


Be able to identify an example of a scientific revolution. (think Copernicus)
Be able to discuss the ideas of Science as a social institution (think "cold fusion," or "search party" illustration.)
Be able to discuss some of the features of this "social institution."
Roles, Relationships, Repositories, Recognition, Rules. Etc.
Be able to discuss the potential epistemological implications of Kuhn’s view of science.


Important Terms, Persons and Ideas - ETHICS
Utilitarianism
Utilitarianism
Categorical Imperative
End-in-Itself
Ethical Nihilism
Ethical Skepticism
The Good Life
Act Based Ethics
Virtue Ethics
Be able to discuss the pros and cons of same sex marriage being legalized.
Kantian Ethics
Autonomous
Ego Integrity
Ethical Relativism
Ethics
Greatest Happiness Principle
Immanuel Kant
David Hume
Jeremy Bentham
Erik Erickson


Multiple Choice
1. According to Wolff, metaphysics deals only with that which transcends sense experience.
A. True.
B. False.

1. Which theory denies the reality of nonphysical things?
A. Idealism.
B. Dualism.
C. Materialism.
D. Kant’s theory.

1. According to Thomas Hobbes, such processes as desiring or thinking are purely mental and cannot be explained on the basis of atoms or material processes.
A. True.
B. False.

1. Which of the following views does Immanuel Kant support?
A. Determinism.
B. Dualism.
C. Materialism
D. None of the above.

1. The problem of the relation of the body to the mind is known as the:
A. Free will problem.
B. Mind-body problem.
C. Determinism problem.
D. Causal determinism problem.

1. Wolff introduces a view that he calls the conscious objection. Which theory is this view directed against?
A. Determinism.
B. Free will.
C. Materialism.
D. None of the above.

1. The story of how the word "metaphysics" was created goes back to which early Greek philosopher?
A. Aristotle.
B. Plato.
C. Socrates.
D. Descartes.

1. David Hume is presented as supporting which of the following views?
A. Free will.
B. Materialism.
C. Dualism.
D. Determinism.

1. Which thinker is one of the main representatives of the theory of materialism?
A. René Descartes.
B. Plato.
C. Immanuel Kant.
D. Thomas Hobbes.

1. Which theory denies the reality of physical things?
A. Idealism.
B. Materialism.
C. Dualism.
D. Pluralism.

1. Which thinker is a dualist?
A. Thomas Hobbes.
B. George Berkeley.
C. René Descartes.
D. David Hume.

1. What is the name of the branch of philosophy that studies such things as the nature of reality, the nature of being, and the nature of God?
A. Epistemology.
B. Dualism.
C. Materialism.
D. Metaphysics.

1. Which of the below is a problem for dualists, but not for materialists or idealists?
A. The problem of explaining the existence of minds or souls.
B. The problem of explaining the relationship between our mind and our body.
C. The problem of explaining the existence of bodies.
D. The problem of reconciling free will with determinism.

1. Which theory maintains that every event has a cause?
A. Determinism.
B. Metaphysics.
C. Free will.
D. Idealism.

1. Which of the below is not a metaphysical question?
A. What is the nature of God?
B. What is the nature of the good life?
C. What is the nature of reality?
D. What is the nature of being?

1. The test devised by Alan Turing is intended to show whether a computer can think.
A. True.
B. False.

Multiple Choice
1. According to this thinker, observation is the primary element of the scientific method:
A. René Descartes.
B. Francis Bacon.
C. Immanuel Kant.
D. Thomas Kuhn.

1. Wolff maintains that during most of the life of science major thinkers viewed science as a progressive enterprise.
A. True.
B. False.

1. "A term used by Thomas Kuhn to refer to changes of paradigms in science." This is a definition of:
A. Paradigm.
B. Scientific fact.
C. Scientific revolution.
D. Covering law.

1. Which group of thinkers argue that observation must be guided by theory?
A. Rationalists.
B. Empiricists.
C. Those who see science as a social institution.
D. None of the above.

1. According to Wolff, Bacon’s tables really allow us to determine the nature of "forms" such as heat.
A. True.
B. False.
1. Which of the following is one of the implications of Thomas Kuhn’s theory.
A. Science is a progressive enterprise.
B. It is possible for observation to be theory neutral.
C. Scientific revolutions never occur.
D. None of the above.

1. Which thinker represents the empiricist approach to the scientific method?
A. Francis Bacon.
B. Thomas Kuhn.
C. Isaac Newton.
D. René Descartes.


1. This term is used to refer to observations that are conducted in an unbiased manner – that is, not based on some particular theory?
A. Paradigms.
B. Falsifiable.
C. Objective.
D. Theory neutral.

1. Which thinker explains the nature of science by using such terms as "paradigm," "normal science," and "scientific revolution"?
A. René Descartes.
B. Francis Bacon.
C. Immanuel Kant.
D. Thomas Kuhn.

1. Which is the term used by Thomas Kuhn to refer to certain past traditions of science which come to serve as models that guide future scientific investigation?
A. Theory neutral.
B. Scientific fact.
C. Paradigm.
D. Scientific revolution.

1. "Scientific revolution" is a term used by Thomas Kuhn to refer to changes of paradigms in science. It can be understood as a change of scientific models where an old model is replaced by an incompatible new model.
A. True.
B. False.

1. If we were to ask Europeans of the 16th century which persons had most decisively formed their era, the persons they would name would not include any:
A. Religious figures, such as Jesus.
B. Artists, such as Michelangelo.
C. Philosophers, such as Plato.
D. Scientists, such as Isaac Newton.

1. According to Wolff, only a conception of science as a social institution can guide us to the correct evaluation of individual scientific efforts.
A. True.
B. False.

14. Fussion is a process by which energy is released by joining together – that is, fusing – atoms.
A. True.
B. False.

14. An example of a scientific revolution (Thomas Kuhn’s term) occurred when scientists accepted Nicholas Copernicus’s theory (which placed the sun at the center of the universe), instead of Ptolomy’s theory (which placed the earth at the center of the universe).
A. True.
B. False.

14. The cold fusion readings demonstrate that science is not a social institution.
A. True.
B. False.

Multiple Choice
1. For Immanuel Kant, which of the following is the central question of morality?
A. What should I do?
B. How can I justify what I know to be right?
C. Which actions are immoral?
D. What is the good life?

1. Who was the thinker generally credited with establishing utilitarianisn as a serious contender
in moral philosophy?
A. Immanuel Kant.
B. Alison Jaggar.
C. Erik Erikson.
D. Jeremy Bentham.

1. David Hume has argued that human behavior is the result of our desires; that desires are
really what move us to act. Immanuel Kant disputes this claim and argues that the following is the basis or should be the basis of our behavior.
A. The consequences of our actions.
B. Our reason.
C. Our emotions.
D. The greatest amount of good for the greatest number of people.
1. Which of the following philosophers or theories claims that there are no universal, objective moral principles?
A. Jeremy Bentham.
B. Plato.
C. Ethical relativism.
D. Utilitarianism.

1. Jeremy Bentham claims that one should base one’s actions out of consideration for the
greatest amount of good for the greatest number of people. The term "good" is synonymous with:
A. The good life.
B. Wealth.
C. Reason.
D. Pleasure.

1. Who is the contemporary thinker who uses the concept of ego integrity in his or her discussion of the good life?
A. Erik Erikson.
B. Plato.
C. Immanuel Kant.
D. Alison M. Jaggar.

1. Which major dialogue of Plato does Wolff use to illustrate Plato’s theory of the self or soul?
A. Gorgias.
B. Republic.
C. Apology.
D. Crito.

1. Wolff presents this thinker as one of the strongest opponents to ethical relativism:
A. Immanuel Kant.
B. Ruth Benedict.
C. Protagoras.
D. Erik Erikson.


1. This position denies that one can have any certainty about moral issues:
A. Ethical objectivism.
B. Utilitarianism.
C. C. Ethical skepticism.
D. D. Erik Erikson’s theory.

1. Which thinker, who is also an anthropologist, is a proponent of ethical relativism?
A. Immanuel Kant.
B. Erik Erikson.
C. Plato.
D. Ruth Benedict.

1. One of the main premises of morality for Immanuel Kant concerns a value that must be
placed on individuals. For Kant, humankind must be regarded as:
A. Having an intrinsic value.
B. A means to an end.
C. Having an extrinsic value.
D. Having only relative value, since some people are simply worth more than others.

1. For Plato, the good life is the result of a certain balance of the elements of the soul or self.
Which of the following does Plato say is the major element that should be in control of the other elements:
A. The spirited element.
B. The desires.
C. The appetites.
D. The reason.

1. Wolff states that Immanuel Kant was a student of the new science of his day. Did Kant see
any conflict between science and ethics?
A. Yes.
B. No.

1. Which theory of ethics is presented as one which can be used to answer the hard questions
of morality (those dilemmas where one does not really know what to do)?
A. Kant’s theory.
B. Ethical relativism.
C. Plato’s theory.
D. Utilitarianism.

1. According to Plato, there is a relationship between the elements of the individual’s soul and
the elements of society.
A. True.
B. False.

1. Which of the following is not one of Alison Jaggar’s three criteria for feminist ethics?
A. A feminist ethics will provide guidance for actions that will diminish rather than increase the subordination of women.
B. A feminist ethics will provide guidance in both the private domain of the home and the public domain of politics and the workplace.
C. A feminist ethics will seriously – and critically – consider the experience of all women.
D. A feminist ethics will put women’s interests first.

1. According to Mary C. Raugust, it is impossible to successfully implement feminist ethics into the workplace.
A. True.
B. False.

1. According to E.J. Graff, the traditional family of today – the nuclear family of father, mother, and children – was at one time considered controversial.
A. True.
B. False.



Other Multiple Choice & True and False
1. This is one of the problem’s of David Hume’s empiricism:
A. It denies the existence of causal relationships
B. It is too subjective
C. One can have knowledge only if God exists
D. It relies too heavily on the use of reason

1. Ethicists attempt to determine
A. how we ought to act.
B. which character traits are reprehensible, bad, vicious.
C. which character traits are good, estimable, virtuous.
D. all of the above.
E. none of the above.

3. Ethical nihilism is the claim that
A. we can never be sure which acts are right or wrong.
B. whether or not an act is right depends upon God's whims.
C. whether or not an act is right depends upon the culture in which one lives.
D. no acts are right or wrong.
E. none of the above.

4. According to Bentham's ethical theory, when might it be morally permissible to place an innocent person in jail?
A. only when s/he desires to go to jail
B. only when s/he has been convicted in a fair and impartial court of law
C. only when doing so increases relative amount of pleasure over pain
D. never
E. none of the above

5. What does Erikson believe indicates lack of ego identity?
A. rule of the soul by the appetites
B. hatred of one's enemies
C. fear of death
D. all of the above
E. none of the above

6. Hard cases are moral dilemmas in which
A. an individual is tempted to do something wrong.
B. an individual's moral beliefs are confused.
C. an individual knows what to do but has no intention of doing what is right.
D. an individual is faced with deciding between to seemingly wrong choices.
E. none of the above.

7. Kant's strategy for dealing with moral variation was to
A. deny variation exists.
B. become an ethical relativist or skeptic.
C. prove the validity of the Categorical Imperative.
D. none of the above.
E. a and b

8. The principle of utility amounts to the claim that that act is right which
A. increases the happiness of relevantly affected parties.
B. is the most efficient means to one's chosen ends.
C. can be willed to be a universal law governing the actions of every agent.
D. all of the above.
E. none of the above.

9. The author claims that one of the benefits of utilitarianism is that it
A. provides an answer to the moral skeptic.
B. proves that there are some moral norms which are universally obligatory for all agents.
C. enables us to resolve seemingly insoluble moral problems.
D. all of the above.
E. none of the above.

10. The key to achieving an integrated, healthy life, according to theorists of the healthy personality, is to
A. treat others with compassion.
B. become autonomous.
C. insure a proper internal ordering of the self.
D. experience a constant feeling of pleasure.
E. none of the above.

11. David Hume is presented as supporting which of the following views?
A. Free Will
B. Materialism
C. Dualism
D. Determinism

12. Which of the below is a problem for dualists, but not for materialists or idealists?
A. The problem of explaining the existence of minds or souls.
B. The problem of explaining the relationship between our mind and our body.
C. The problem of explaining the existence of bodies.
D. The problem of reconciling free will with determinism

13. Which of the following is not a metaphysical question?
A. What is the nature of God?
B. What is the nature of the good life?
C. What is the nature of reality?
D. What is the nature of being?


TRUE or FALSE: "A" = True and "B" = False

1. Ethical skeptics claim that every moral code is relative to some culture.

2. Virtue based ethics deals with discovering the secret to a happy life, or in other words living the "good" life.

3. Kant desired to prove - irrefutably and certainly - that we are obliged to adhere to at least some moral obligations.

4. According to Plato, the ruling element of the soul is the spirited element, since reason is slave to the passions.

5. Just as reason ought to rule the soul, so also, according to Plato, the wise ought to govern in society.

6. If the Categorical Imperative is true, we ought to do whatever is in the interest of those who fit into our social, political and religious categories.

7. Bentham believed that a community is the sum of the individuals of which it is constituted.

8. According to empiricism, the vast amount of knowledge comes from the five senses, but our most certain knowledge comes from reason.

9. According to Thomas Hobbes, such processes as desiring or thinking are purely mental and cannot be explained on the basis of atoms or material processes.